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This article aims to show the results of implementing a training methodology in a group of participants within an intensive course on educational innovation. The motivation for this course was to promote innovative ideas that could be scaled into possible open educational entrepreneurship projects. Based on descriptive statistical analysis, that included a multivariate statistical analysis, an analysis of means and nonparametric tests of the data comparison of medians and ranges and Spearman's correlation, this article considered the SEL4C methodology, which was intended to support the ideation process and develop the participants' perceived achievement of social entrepreneurship and complex thinking competencies. The proposed methodology was validated to develop social innovation ideas even in a limited time and improved the participants' perception of achieving both competencies. This article contributes to the validation studies of this methodology and the academic approaches that seek efficient tools for acquiring and developing transdisciplinary competencies.

With more and more literature on international student mobility and migration (ISM), one area of focus has often been overlooked: the impacts of student visas and study permits. Examined through an institutionalist framework highlighting the influences of institutions on individuals and their agency, this study describes how visa and study permit policies pervades international students' lives in a variety of ways. Interview data collected from 40 international students who study in Australia, Canada, and the United States were analyzed to uncover themes from these host countries. Drawing on these interviews to outline the concept of ISM policy pervasion, the findings of this study show that visa policies affect international students in wide ranging ways. In addition to providing empirical evidence for ISM policy pervasion, this article also lays the groundwork for further studies that delve into the practical impacts of student visa and study permit policies around the world.

This article aims to analyze the process of the progressive mathematization of the concept of the function by secondary school students through the resolution of a free fall situation. A free-fall mathematical situation was designed and experimented using the Tracker software to obtain movement data. Worksheets and conversations were collected between students and the teacher, and experiments and class discussions were filmed. The analysis consisted of identifying the development from informal strategies associated with the context of the problem to formal procedures. The results show that the process brings meanings to mathematical ideas such as variation, variables, and the relationship between variables, allows coordination and transition between representations and contributes to the learning of functions as a representation of the variation of physical phenomena.

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, cases of discrimination and hate crimes against minority populations including international students have soared in the U.S. This study explores the relationship between international students' perceived discrimination and their self-reported overall health and the role of social support and positive emotions in such relationship. In total, 203 international students studying at two U.S. universities participated in an online survey. The results indicated that: (1) when international students perceive higher levels of discrimination, they experience lower levels of positive emotions and have lower levels of perceived social support; and (2) positive emotions were significantly associated with both psychological distress and physical health. Perceived social support was only significantly associated with physical health not psychological distress. We also provided meaningful implications for higher educational institutions that strive to enhance international students' overall health.

This study investigates the impact of game-based learning (GBL), an increasingly popular educational approach, on the development of self-directed learning (SDL) skills in complex scenarios, particularly in undergraduate logistics education. A key component of the three year study is LOST (Logistics Education Simulator), a serious game platform, deployed in an undergraduate engineering course in Mexico. An extensive literature review was carried out using Scopus to examine recent works published between 2019 and 2024, providing a state-of-the-art overview of the field. Subsequently, a survey based on the scale created by Fisher, King, and Tague (2001), known for its extensively evaluated internal consistency, revealed five distinct factors of self-directed learning. The findings underscore that the LOST platform significantly enhances self-directed learning, promoting the development of Self-management Skills, Openness to Learning Opportunities, Initiative and Independence in Learning, Self-concept as an Effective Learner, and Love of Learning. The students demonstrated a significant increase in their perception of these skills over the course of the study, highlighting the effectiveness of GBL in promoting such learning skills. These findings highlight the multidimensional nature of learning skills that can be fostered through GBL. The study concludes by discussing the vital role of GBL in complex scenarios, particularly in enhancing the development of self-directed learning skills in undergraduate logistics education.

Technological advances such as Learning Management System (LMS) are changing the teaching-learning conditions, organization of school activities and functions of educators. In particular, the use of LMS in the educational field is necessary due to the appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This quantitative research analyzes the teachers' perception about the use of LMS during the COVID-19 pandemic considering data science. The sample is 115 teachers from the National Autonomous University of Mexico. These teachers took the "Classroom of the Future 2020" Diploma in order to create new educational spaces. The results of the machine learning technique indicate that the performance of the school activities in LMS positively influences the learning process, motivation and participation of the students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, the decision tree technique identifies three predictive models about the use of this technological tool in the educational field considering the academic level and sex of the teachers. In conclusion, educators can improve the learning conditions, organize creative activities inside and outside the classroom, achieve the innovation in the educational context and build virtual spaces through LMS.

Using a multidimensional, integrative approach this study examined the influence of social position factors (nativity, economic hardship, and language) and environmental contexts (community trauma, geographic location, and discrimination) on three domains of school engagement (cognitive, behavioral, and relational) among a community sample of first- and second-generation Latino adolescents. Findings from this study reveal that both social position and environmental contexts significantly and differentially predicted each of the three domains of school engagement. Participants (n = 306) included students from 11 high schools in two US cities. Fifty-three percent were first-generation immigrants and 80% were born, or had a parent from, Mexico or Central America. Results indicated that all three social position factors (nativity, economic hardship, and language) and two of the three environmental contexts (community trauma exposure and discrimination) significantly and differentially predicted each of the three domains of school engagement. Findings emphasize the direct effects of student's social positionality and environmental contexts on their engagement in school.

In this article, ambassadors of the International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE) Open Educational Resources (OER) Advocacy Committee (OERAC) provide a snapshot of regional and global Open Educational Resources (OER)initiatives. This committee has been active since 2017 with membership renewed biannually. The ambassadors work to further OER awareness and understanding, to increase global recognition of OER, and provide policy support for the acceptance and application of OER. This overview highlights national and regional initiatives associated with the UNESCO OER recommendation and the five action areas that include: building capacity and leveraging OER; developing supporting policies; ensuring equity and effectiveness; encouraging sustainable OER model development; and, promoting and facilitating international collaboration. In addition, monitoring and evaluation of the action areas are suggested to be prioritized. This overview is not exhaustive, and much work remains to implement the OER Recommendation at scale, maximize its implementation, connect these recommendations to the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), along with the futures of education with a new social contract for education, individuals, and the planet.

Globally, there is considerable investment in education technologies leading to increased attention from stakeholders (Trucano, 2017). For a deeper understanding about the implementation of various technologies, research is needed to examine how teachers are incorporating them in teaching and learning. This study focused on eight countries to examine how teachers used ICT in mathematics instruction and factors that contributed to ICT use. Results show that teachers' education levels and cooperation amongst educators are associated with ICT use in instruction. The paper includes recommendations and implications for practice and future research.

Social networks integrate adolescent daily life by configuring modes of socialisation, negotiation and self-representation through different practices that operate as subjectivation resources and condition the gender experience. The objective of this study is to explore the production of selfies and videos among adolescents from Puebla (Mexico) and Galicia (Spain) from a gender, territorial, and sociocultural perspective. A survey study was carried out using an online questionnaire designed ad hoc and applied to 6,654 adolescents (14-17 years), with different gender identities, from public secondary schools in Puebla and Galicia. The results show that the selfie is a more widespread practice among adolescents than video, with revealing differences in its production. Similarities are evident in the level of preparation and the motivations that lead to these practices. Gender differences are found in their production in terms of intentions, materialities, and body expression. The family's sociocultural level and the territory are visualised as realities that affect the production of these practices. The conclusions point to a transition of knowledge and meanings between the selfie and video and the relevance of analysing gender experience on social networks in light of the forms of power they exercise there.

Since most schools and learners had no choice but to learn online during the pandemic, online learning became the mainstream learning mode rather than a substitute for traditional face-to-face learning. Given this enormous change in online learning, we conducted a systematic review of 191 of the most recent online learning studies published during the COVID-19 era. The systematic review results indicated that the themes regarding "courses and instructors" became popular during the pandemic, whereas most online learning research has focused on "learners" pre-COVID-19. Notably, the research topics "course and instructors" and "course technology" received more attention than prior to COVID-19. We found that "engagement" remained the most common research theme even after the pandemic. New research topics included parents, technology acceptance or adoption of online learning, and learners' and instructors' perceptions of online learning.

Purpose: The study analyzed how the service-learning (SL) methodology can become a university social responsibility (USR) strategy that generates shared value for the university and its stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach: This qualitative and exploratory-descriptive research had a nonexperimental field and cross-sectional design that used field techniques such as focus groups and in-depth interviews with the participants of the USR program "MIPyME vs COVID-19" in two Latin American countries. Findings: This study revealed the perceptions of students who participated in the USR program on how a virtual service-learning (vSL) strategy related to the use of technology generates a positive impact on the development of shared learning between students and micro-entrepreneurs from a global and Latin American perspective, as well as for the internationalization of their study plans. Research limitations/implications: The field study was conducted in only two Latin American countries; however, the USR program has been implemented in eight universities from eight Latin American countries with very similar social, political and health contexts. Originality/value: It is one of the first studies on SL used in a strategic and articulated way in universities with a USR approach. It analyzed traditional evaluations of this methodology, incorporating others such as virtuality (produced by the effects of the COVID-19), which led the authors to generate methodological innovations based on new ways of connecting, linking and generating shared learning and value for all.

Translanguaging in classrooms opens spaces for multilingual students to engage in learning across the full range of their linguistic repertoire. We argue that one result of translanguaging pedagogy is that it can transform the talk-for-learning in the classroom and create a corriente or flow of ideas that is more free and less constrained than traditional classroom interactional patterns. However, what has been lacking in the translanguaging literature to date is an examination of if, when, and how teacher-student translanguaging actually does disrupt the traditional interactional structures of classrooms in ways that enhance student meaning-making. This article theorizes the translanguaging corriente at the discourse level using "moment analysis" to analyze data from two video datasets of elementary-grade lessons with emergent bilingual students in Texas and México with two extended excerpts illustrating the creative and critical potential of the translanguaging corriente. Pedagogical practices facilitating the corriente are also identified.

Purpose: Utilizing datasets of Ecuador, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Mexico and Peru from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies survey from 2017 to 2018, this study aimed to develop and validate a profile indicating core workplace skills in developing countries. Design/methodology/approach: DeVellis' guide of scale development navigated the development of the profile. Multiple techniques including item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and multigroup confirmatory factor analysis were used on a sample of 7,166 participants to validate the profile of core workplace skills in developing countries. Findings: A resultant five-dimensional profile with 18 items was developed: oral communication skills, reading skills, math skills, information and communication technology skills and learning skills. The estimates of composite reliability showed the profile was reliable. The validity estimates of the profile were obtained from several sources including content, convergent, discriminative and construct validity. The measurement invariance was also held for the profile. Originality/value: Based on the researcher's knowledge, the study is the first attempt to develop a profile to indicate core workplace skills in developing countries. The profile theoretically framed the core workplace skills in developing countries and provides a new measure for identifying, evaluating and thus improving core workplace skills in developing countries for different stakeholders in the era of Education 4.0.

This article outlines a novel approach for career readiness which embeds a global engagement trip within a social entrepreneurship course. Utilizing an empathy driven approach, the instructional innovation exposes students to social impact and innovation in an entrepreneurial setting, provides an opportunity for rich engagements with social and micro-entrepreneurs, and facilitates connection with self and others. Reflexive assignments and dialogues are integrated throughout the instructional innovation allowing students to identify and reflect on their aspirations and intentions for creating societal impact in their career journeys. Participation in this experience has resulted in outcomes related to career goals, including new plans for building social impact into work and renewed social entrepreneurial intentions. Instructions, exercises, and evidence of their effectiveness are provided.

This article explores the perception of gender inequality in science and the influencing factors. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with students belonging to a science club; we present it as a case study. This research sheds light on what high school and university students studying Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) perceive in Mexico, where the gender gap is the highest of all scientific disciplines, considering the relationship between science and gender through their study experiences and perspectives. The findings mainly revealed two positions: (1) denial of gender inequalities; and (2) recognition of gender inequalities associated with biological, psychological, and social factors. It is precisely this last factor that is based on a feminist position. How students define and label inequalities varies according to their participation in previous formative experiences linked to gender and contextual influences. Science education activities with a gender perspective are necessary in non-formal education spaces such as science clubs. In this sense, this work offers recommendations that can stimulate the design of training actions for a better-balanced integration of science and gender.

This study examines how three recently arrived Indigenous male migrant youth from Guatemala and Mexico in an urban high school in the Pacific Northwest understood and employed Spanish and English to navigate racialized and languaged interactions. Utilizing a Critical Latinx Indigeneities framework, findings from this study show that Spanish is a racialized and languaged system of power that traveled with youth. In the U.S., Spanish interacts with English as a new system of power resulting in the diminishing of Indigenous languages. This study provides urban educators with understandings of the complex systems of race, language, and power Indigenous migrants navigate.

Going beyond teaching knowledge to develop students' competencies challenges contemporary universities because acquiring knowledge is insufficient without the capacity to implement it in real environments. Complex thinking is among the most valued competencies. It allows people to reason to solve problems, integrating their scientific, systemic, critical, and innovative skills. However, theoretically, there is a gender gap in the acquisition and development of complex thinking, suggesting inequity within the training processes. This article examines how acquiring and developing complex thinking are configured in a group of Mexican university students. Employing a multivariate descriptive statistical analysis, we intended our study to identify a possible gender gap and particular characteristics in the sample of female students to understand the formation of complex thinking considering the gender variable. Our conclusion found that, although the data suggests no statistically significant gap between the genders, it is still present in the unequal development of procedural knowledge in women, affecting their perception of their ability to implement what they know when solving problems. Practically, this text shows an area of opportunity for institutions that train complex thinking and establish educational policies to promote women's leadership.

While prior research has established the benefits of dialogic teaching-and-learning practices, their widespread school implementation has proven challenging. How might research on dialogic education help teachers enrich their everyday practices? In this article, we adapt and apply an established conceptual framework to previously published research on innovation and teacher professionalization in Mexican primary schools. The framework accounts for the relationship between the level of implementation of educational change toward dialogic practices and the level of appropriation of these practices by teachers, students, and institutions. The level of implementation can be additive, assimilative, or systemic, according to the nature and extent of the desired change. This framework provides guidance to transform the fabric of traditional classroom practices into more dialogic interactive styles by opening, widening, and deepening spaces for dialogue, in which children's learning is centerstage and teachers participate actively as co-designers of change, with institutional support.

Migrants' children face challenges when returning to their parent's home country, which is usually unfamiliar to them. This qualitative study explores this phenomenon to understand more about the experiences of returnee children regarding their social-educational (re)integration and adaptation, the challenges they faced, and the mechanisms they have developed to overcome them. Results are discussed from the perspective of acculturative stress and social networks, identifying the struggle that returnees have to adapt and acculturate to their new home because of the lack of competence in the Spanish language and the consequences of the discrimination they suffer in the social environment, namely school and in their parents' hometowns. However, results also shed light on how returnees create social networks with classmates and family members who help them overcome these challenges, fears, and feelings of alienation.

Analyzing three sets of video data collected in one Maya community, we examined apprenticeship and learning of backstrap loom weaving over three generations spanning the years 1970 to 2012. Like many cultural groups, the Maya of Chiapas are experiencing rapid sociodemographic shifts. Three generations of girls (N = 134) were observed at their looms: in the 1970 subsistence economy; in the transition to a commercial economy in the 1990s; and in 2012, when the commercial economy required formal education. Multilevel models showed that intergenerational sociodemographic change -- increased time in school, greater involvement in the money economy, and decreased family size -- changed weaving apprenticeship, which, in turn, was related to changes in characteristics of learners. In 2012, weaving learners received more explanations, praise, and body instruction from their teachers. Learners, in turn, asked more questions. However, these changes came at a cost -- the gradual loss of weaving as an everyday subsistence practice and art form. Tracing intergenerational change over three generations, this study makes a unique contribution to an understanding of cultural evolution.

Purpose: The study aims to assess students' perceived mastery of reasoning-for-complexity competency and its sub-competencies in a sample of students in a Latin American university. The intention was to identify statistically significant differences between a population of men and women with similar sociocultural characteristics, assessing whether gender could be a factor for educational institutions to consider when implementing strategies to develop this competency. Design/methodology/approach: The eComplexity instrument was applied to 370 undergraduate students in their first to ninth semesters in a private university in Western Mexico. Descriptive statistics were analyzed to determine the mean and standard deviation indicators and were tested for statistical significance. The convenience sampling methodology ensured that there were students from all semesters and a diversity of majors. The sampling aimed for a balance of men and women, resulting in 189 women and 181 men. Findings: The results confirmed no statistically significant evidence to indicate differences between men and women in their perceived mastery of the reasoning-for-complexity competency in general. However, statistically significant differences were found in the perceived achievements of the sub-competencies of systems, critical and scientific thinking, which comprise the overall competency. Women presented a higher average perception of systemic and critical thinking achievement, and men had a higher perception of scientific thinking. The authors concluded that social and cultural elements influence the perception of achievement that men and women develop in thinking and solving problems. Practical implications: Governments and educational institutions must establish training programs that do not follow gender stereotypes and promote reasoning-for-complexity skills equitably in men and women. It is necessary to create more scientific and academic spaces and projects involving women in the sciences; countries must emphasize this to improve their scientific competency. Only in this way will it be possible to reverse the perception that men and women have of their problem-solving skills and abilities, which, as this study shows, are more a matter of culture than capabilities. Originality/value: Unlike previous studies, which analyze the competency of complex thinking in a particular way among its sub-competencies, this research sought comprehensive measurement. Furthermore, beyond measuring competency development, this study aimed to measure the perception of achievement. The authors believe this is the first step towards identifying elements of the social imagination that limit the formation of scientific thinking among women in Latin America.

Engineering students enter a challenging sector in higher education and are potentially at risk of poor mental health and or mental wellbeing and less likely to seek help when experiencing poor mental health or wellbeing. We carried out a scoping review using Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review methodology. Ten databases were searched over a three-year period. Searches identified 191 sources of evidence after title screening and 33 sources of evidence were included for final extraction following full-text screening. Included studies represented over 4000 engineering students from 10 countries. Studies were mostly pilots, suggesting a lack of diverse research methods in the existing research base. Studies also varied in approaches to reporting. Interventions included training, relaxation, technology use, alternative teaching models, support services and a study break with a range of outcome measures used to evaluate intervention effects. Study results indicated reduced stress and anxiety, improved academic achievement, improved communication, motivation, physiological responses, attitude, and increased physical activity, health awareness, and confidence. Mindfulness activities appear to be helpful to engineering students. The review mapped interventions to support mental health and wellbeing in engineering students but identified a need for further high-quality robust studies that are transparently reported using reporting guidelines.

Research capacity building is a process by which individuals and organizations develop skills and infrastructure resulting in greater ability to conduct useful research. Frequently, research quality and productivity measures focus on outcomes, such as peer-reviewed publications or grants awarded. Such distal measures are not informative when measuring initial stages of research, a common situation in low- and middle-income countries. This study used Cooke's six-principle framework to assess the progress of an autism research collaborative in northern Mexico. We established 64 criteria across the six principles and rated them as Not Started, In Progress, or Achieved, based on narratives and process documentation collected for this purpose. Ratings were established for the years 2018, 2020, and 2022, which correspond to Years 5, 7, and 9 since the beginning of the collaborative, respectively. As of 2022, Principles 2 and 3 ("Close to practice" and "Linkages, collaborations, and partnerships," respectively) had all begun; no criteria were rated as Not started. The principles with the highest Achieved rates were "Linkages, collaborations, and partnerships" (90%), and "Infrastructure" (Principle 6, 70%). Cooke's research capacity building framework is a useful way to monitor progress of research capacity building and contribute to harmonious development of relevant principles at different levels.

In this paper, the intercultural experience of two Mexican students who made a credit mobility during a scholar semester at a foreign university was analyzed. The analysis was based on semi-structured interviews and reflective reports. A qualitative phenomenological approach was used to analyze the intercultural experience. The experience of the participants was followed in three moments: before traveling, during their stay and on their return to their home university. The results indicated that previous intercultural experience helps to lessen the symptoms of acculturative stress, but the personal attitude influenced the way the students faced their life abroad.

Research on the inequities present within dual language (DL) programs demonstrates that these programs are not immune from the racial stratification prevalent in the United States. Despite intentions to center justice for minoritized students in DL programs, unexamined ideologies among educators can inadvertently perpetuate the existing status quo. Given this context, the incorporation of critical consciousness and critical-racial consciousness has been put forth as additional goals of DL education. Through a theoretical framework grounded in critical race theory, this study investigates the race-related ideologies held by Latinx educators. The study explores how these ideologies influence their conceptualization and implementation of sociocultural competence, a key goal of DL education. This analysis takes place within the context of a one-way/developmental transitional kindergarten through eighth grade DL school situated along the US-Mexico border in Southern California. Conducting a critical discourse analysis of educators' ideologies and practices reveals that cultivating racial justice within DL education demands an in-depth understanding of the pervasive impact of race and racism in society. The study's findings indicate that despite their good intentions, educators' ideologies, or their "gaps in knowledge," unintentionally contribute to the maintenance of racial hierarchies. The study underscores the pressing need to prioritize critical-racial consciousness and implement antiracist practices in DL programming. Moreover, the research highlights the necessity for critical frameworks that recenter DL programs to the racial justice roots of bilingual education.

This study counters the popular assumption that Spanish Heritage Language Learners (SHLLs) on study abroad (SA) in a place of cultural origin can easily adapt and find acceptance due to the linguistic and cultural resources they bring with them. Our study builds on previous work to illustrate a more nuanced and complex story of desires for belonging. The study investigated students' language desire and student cultural and ethnic identities to determine how these factors informed SHLLs' relationships with community stakeholders while on short-term SA in Oaxaca, Mexico. The study relies on pre-, mid-, and post-SA interviews. Interviewees included six students of Mexican heritage and 12 community stakeholders (five Spanish teachers, two programme administrators, two educational tour operators, and three host parents). Reflexive thematic analysis clarified differences between language desires of students with distant-Mexican ancestry and those with close-ancestry. The former sought missing family connections and "real" family interactions with host families. The latter desired wholeness in their identity and a corresponding confidence in language skills. Community stakeholders expressed complex responses to participants with Mexican heritage, viewing distant-ancestry students as problematic for lacking Spanish and close-ancestry students difficult due to their Spanish knowledge.

This article reports on effects of two earthquakes in Mexico on adolescents attending middle school. The earthquakes struck in close succession during the implementation of a school-based prevention program, providing an opportunity to assess emotional distress due to the earthquakes and whether the life skills taught in the program affected how students coped with the natural disaster. The objectives were to (1) evaluate the earthquakes' impact on students' distress; (2) assess if distress is associated with internalizing symptomology and externalizing behaviors; and (3) investigate if students receiving the original and adapted versions of the intervention coped better with the events. A Mexico-US research team culturally adapted "keepin' it REAL" to address connections between substance use among early adolescents in Mexico and exposure to violence. A random sample of public middle schools from three cities (Mexico City, Guadalajara, and Monterrey), stratified by whether they held morning or afternoon sessions, was selected. A total of 5522 7th grade students from 36 schools participated in the study. Students answered pretest and posttest questionnaires; the latter assessed earthquake-related distress and coping strategies. Earthquake-related distress was associated with all measures of undesired internalizing symptomology and externalizing behaviors. Compared to controls, students in the adapted intervention reported less aggressive and rule-breaking externalizing behavior and less violence perpetration. However, these intervention effects were not moderated by the level of earthquake-related distress, and they were not mediated by positive or negative coping. The findings have implications for prevention intervention research and policy as natural and human-made disasters occur more often.

Many educators living near the United States and Mexico border were transfronterizo students--young people with familial and institutional ties to both countries, who crossed the border each day to attend United States schools. This study is concerned with how these teachers' identities formed within distinct sociocultural contexts like the Borderlands and how this can serve education institutions invested in teacher identity work.

This article aims to study machine learning models to determine their performance in classifying students by gender based on their perception of complex thinking competency. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 605 students from a private university in Mexico with the eComplexity instrument. In this study, we consider the following data analyses: (1) predict students' gender based on their perception of complex thinking competency and sub-competencies from a 25 items questionnaire, (2) analyze models' performance during training and testing stages, and (3) study the models' prediction bias through a confusion matrix analysis. Our results confirm the hypothesis that the four machine learning models (Random Forest, Support Vector Machines, Multi-layer Perception, and One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network) can find sufficient differences in the eComplexity data to classify correctly up to 96.94% and 82.14% of the students' gender in the training and testing stage, respectively. The confusion matrix analysis revealed partiality in gender prediction among all machine learning models, even though we have applied an oversampling method to reduce the imbalance dataset. It showed that the most frequent error was to predict Male students as Female class. This paper provides empirical support for analyzing perception data through machine learning models in survey research. This work proposed a novel educational practice based on developing complex thinking competency and machine learning models to facilitate educational itineraries adapted to the training needs of each group to reduce social gaps existing due to gender.

Despite the extensive research on bilingual development, our understanding of how lexical competition unfolds in the bilingual mind remains limited. Previous studies have predominantly focused on crosslinguistic competition, neglecting the examination of the competition process within each language and the influence of diverse bilingual experiences, such as first language attriters, heritage speakers, or sequential bilinguals. Consequently, there is a critical gap in our knowledge regarding how bilinguals navigate and resolve competition dynamics during spoken word recognition in the context of language attrition. We compare the within-L1 and within-L2 competition mechanisms of Spanish-English attriters (N = 65) with two monolingual control groups (Spanish and English speakers). Participants completed two visual world tasks with manipulation of onset/rhyme overlap. Results indicate a contrast between the competition mechanisms exhibited by the L1 monolingual group and the Spanish attriters during L1 spoken word recognition. Our findings highlight the role of bilingual experiences in modulating L1 competition dynamics, shedding light on the complex relationship between bilingualism and lexical competition.

Immigration disparities are associated with strict school climates and juvenile justice. Place also matters concerning school strictness and disproportionate minority contact for minority youth. What remains unknown is the relationship between school strictness, immigration, and punishment along the Texas-Mexico border. Drawing from the Texas Education Agency's (TEA) Public Education Information Management System (PEIMS), we address two questions regarding the relationship between school strictness and juvenile justice referrals in border and non-border schools. First, do the relationships between school strictness and juvenile referrals differ between border and non-border schools? Second, does school strictness moderate the children of immigrants' juvenile justice referrals at border and non-border schools? Findings indicate border and non-border distinctions regarding both strict and lenient school disciplinary practices and the relationships with juvenile justice referrals. This study contributes to juvenile justice research by investigating potential links between school strictness, immigration, juvenile justice referrals, and place.

This article demonstrates how language revitalization through Indigenous Mexican hip hop can continue to Indigenize decolonial pedagogical spaces, help strengthen Black/Indigenous solidarity, and aid in building the infrastructures for Indigenous futures. First, I assert that using and transmitting Indigenous languages through hip hop can challenge Eurocentric pedagogy by engaging in decolonial and public pedagogies. Drawing on Jennifer Wemigwans' theorization around 'digital bundles,' I define Indigenous YouTube videos as a distinctly Indigenous space to disseminate knowledge. Then, I argue that Indigenous language use in hip hop strengthens Black/Indigenous solidarity by engaging T. Roberts' discussion on modes of appropriation and Beverley Diamond's 'Alliance Studies.' Focusing on the commonalities between oral traditions, Indigenous language hip hop uses technology and citational practices to mediate between tradition and modernity. Finally, I contend hip hop language revitalization builds the infrastructure for Indigenous futures. Expanding on Indigenous modernity scholarship, I propose an Indigenous hip hop futurism that might allow us to think of other Indigenous issues, not just the need for language revitalization, through the lens of hip hop.

The interplay of digital technologies and inequalities are increasingly discussed in contemporary research, mostly focusing on different forms of digital divides and often addressed as a "problem" that societies should face. Hence, digital education and its governance becomes a major arena for addressing inequalities. In this paper, we offer a cross-country and multi-voiced perspective on how socio-digital inequalities are problematized in digital education policy in three world regions -- Latin America, Africa and Europe -- studying cases through policy documents in Argentina, Mexico, South Africa, Botswana, Germany and Sweden. Our analysis shows how differences and similarities between digital education policy are rooted in various sociotechnical imaginaries that go beyond the national as they are highly situated in spatial--temporal contexts and rooted in historical trajectories. Our contribution aims at a further exploration of the entanglements of educational technology and in/equalities through global conditions and local (hi)stories.

This study aimed to identify whether appetitive traits predict exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) duration for the first 6 months of life and to assess other predictors of its duration. 186 six- month-old term infants were included. Appetitive traits were assessed at 3-4 months of age. EBF duration, feeding practices, sex, maternal age and education, socioeconomic level, mode of delivery and gestational age were also evaluated. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated through generalized linear regression models to identify predictors of EBF for the first 6 months of life. Only 32.9% of infants achieved 6-month EBF. Vaginal birth, not using formula the first 3 days, maternal education [greater than or equal to] university and slowness in eating significantly increased the probability of EBF for 6 months. Slowness in eating was the only appetitive trait related to EBF for the first 6 months and was the most significant predictor in the multivariate model.

This article explores informal adult education for change in Mexico through the conceptual lens of social movement learning and public pedagogy. It adopts a multiple case design featuring two advocacy networks, two civil society organisations, and two self-help authors. It analyses how they position themselves as change agents addressing issues of food sovereignty, violence against women, social justice, environmental justice, financial insecurity, and emotional health. The article deconstructs how such agents diagnose problems and prescribe solutions that share a common logic: the unlearning of hegemonic knowledges and the learning of alternatives. It presents a continuum of pedagogical strategies, ranging from the most public (spectacular protests and social media work) to most private (targeted lobbying and workshopping). It contributes, methodologically and analytically, to literature at the intersection of social movement learning and public pedagogy. Methodologically, in a field dominated by stand-alone case studies from North America, it offers a comparative study of three domains of informal adult education in Mexico. Analytically, it unpacks public pedagogical messaging common to these domains and explain the strategies, interests and political implications that differentiate them. We encourage educators to assess the range of public pedagogical work that may be mobilised in the pursuit of change.

The transition to the use of paper in public elementary schools in Mexico was not easy. At the end of the nineteenth century, the use of slates had been questioned due to the health risk they represented since students often erased their writing with saliva and the material with which the slates were made did not always meet the necessary specifications. On the other hand, paper, from a hygienic, pedagogical and aesthetic point of view, was considered a superior material compared to the hardness of the slate, the shine of the surface and the lack of precision obtained in the tracing of the letters. Derived from this approach, the possibility of changing materials in official schools was seriously envisioned. However, the paper represented a very high cost. Only two paper mills could supply the schools and it was necessary to lower the price, and guarantee the supply by enhancing the distribution system. This article analyses the beginning of the conversion process of a technology for learning to write such as the slate for paper. I analyse the expense that it meant for the authorities and families, how the change was the result of a multiplicity of social, cultural, economic and political relations that intersected to give a new configuration of time, noise and established values in the classroom.

This study examines the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety and depression symptoms among college students, paying special attention to gender-related differences. To do that, we use data from a special survey applied to all students from one of Mexico's largest universities six months after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey was applied online through the university's IT platform, obtaining a response rate of 48.2% and a final sample of 66,067 students. We follow an empirical strategy commonly found in the literature that involves the use of a Negative Binomial Regression Model on two mental health scales: the Hamilton Anxiety Scale and the Zung Depression Scale. The loss of household income and the resulting necessity to participate in the labor market, as well as the lack of sufficient infrastructure to face confinement and online study, were identified as the two main pathways via which the COVID-19 pandemic harmed the mental health of college students. Although female students presented higher rates of anxiety and depression and were more affected by the vulnerable economic and labor conditions of their families, male students were more affected by the lack of availability of space and equipment to attend online classes at home. Since the most economically disadvantaged students experience higher rates of anxiety and depression, particularly among women, this could have medium and long-term effects in terms of economic and gender inequality. These findings highlight the need for specific prevention and intervention initiatives to alleviate anxiety and depression.

There is a deficit in character education research in Latin America and a lack of clarity about conceptual issues relevant to values and virtues. This lack of conceptual clarity has practical importance. The research sought to investigate empirically how school managers and teachers understand and practice character education, with particular attention to the distinction between educating values and virtues. The study was carried out during the first semester of 2022 on a sample of 160 schools in 17 countries, mainly in Christian schools in Spain and Mexico. The results show that there are differences according to the type of school and country. There are important findings regarding the concept of virtue and its relation to the concept of value, which virtues and values are most relevant for schools to teach, and which are the most used strategies in character education programmes. The research points to moral education as a central theme in schools, which considers both virtue and values education. There is a genuine interest on training teachers in virtue education.

Decades of evidence demonstrates that a strong foundation in early childhood leads to healthier, more successful life outcomes. Developing socio-emotional skills and executive functions in this period of life improves academic outcomes, school readiness, and wellbeing, as well as work, health, wealth, and public safety outcomes. Thus, social and emotional learning (SEL) in early childhood education might be the bedrock on which to build the lofty vision of a whole-child education that can prepare children for their present and future. We know, however, that the benefits of SEL are dependent on quality. Educators, particularly teachers and principals, are key to achieving that needed quality. Social-emotional competence (SEC) allows teachers to effectively nurture students' emotional wellbeing, build strong teacher-student relationships, manage classroom dynamics, and create a positive learning environment, ultimately enhancing students' academic success and personal development. The authors propose an approach to adult quality professional development that considers building adult SEC as necessary.

Can at-scale, government-implemented parent training programs improve parenting practices and child development outcomes? This article presents evidence on the effects of a low-cost, group-based early childhood education program that provided parent training and direct child stimulation in rural communities, evaluated in six Mexican states. Despite limited take-up, the program had positive impacts on observed parent behaviors in its first year. An index of observed parenting behaviors increased by 0.20 standard deviations, with larger effects (0.32 standard deviations) for parents of the youngest children (ages 0-35 months). An index of impacts on child development showed no statistically significantly effects, but certain aspects of child development showed suggestive evidence of positive impacts in the first year. For both parenting practices and child development, effect sizes were smaller and not statistically significant in the second year. The fade-out of effects is consistent with existing literature on parenting programs. Impacts of the program on child development were not significantly different for girls versus boys or for younger versus older children. These results suggest that parent training can be implemented at low cost, although design changes to improve implementation and take-up would likely be needed to generate sustained impacts on parenting practices.

Teacher productive disposition is considered as one of the key strands of mathematical proficiency. Teacher disposition and positioning (disposition in action) toward mathematics influence student learning. However, teachers' productive disposition does not always translate into productive positioning in the mathematics classroom, and vice versa. In this study, we selected teacher dis/position as the unit of analysis to explore the phenomenon of two middle school mathematics teachers' self-reported affective disposition and observed positioning-by-others. Grounded in positioning theory the relationship between teacher disposition and positioning-by-others was examined utilizing a cross-case analysis. Results of the study indicate that dispositional characteristics such as attitude, self-concept, and nature of mathematics were significantly different between the cases. The study findings also suggest that interconnectedness between teacher core disposition and positional situatedness could potentially contribute to understanding and addressing the complexity of teaching and learning in the mathematics classroom.

We report a characterization of the reflections made by high school mathematics teachers when discussing their resolutions of three numerical tasks related to the concept of function understood as a mathematical procept. Thematic analysis was used to code and categorize the reflections. Six teachers with at least 5 years of professional experience and an average age of 30 years participated. The results show that the teachers reflected on their actions in the tasks; their content knowledge; their teaching practice; and their professional training. As a result of these reflections, they recognized the need to improve their knowledge and practice of teaching functions in a more proceptual sense. The results contribute to deepen in how to make teachers reflect and incorporate a much more structural vision of functions in their teaching practices and, at the same time, incorporate the importance and role of their professional training in their reflections.

Supporting efforts to build efficacy in leadership capabilities and capacities is instrumental in the process of leadership development for education and leadership students. Research suggests that those individuals in their fields with a greater sense of efficacy tend to remain longer, with more success. While there has been much research to support the importance of efficacy and the positive benefits of study abroad experiences, this case study examines the self-described changes in participants' perceptions of leadership styles at the completion of a study abroad program. A qualitative case study describes the changing perceptions using composite narrative, in effort to maintain the anonymity of the seven participants. The article reports the findings of seven interviews (six complete and one partial) with students who participated in the trip and corresponding coursework prior. It examines three aspects of leadership: changing perceptions of leadership, altering individual leadership styles, and improving confidence and competence in leadership abilities.